Open Journal Systems

The Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Educators’ Confidence in their Heads of Schools and Educators’ Dedication at Work in Secondary Schools of Mauritius

Codaboccus Mohammud Khalil Ibrahim

Article ID: 1586
Vol 7, Issue 2, 2022, Article identifier:

VIEWS - 215 (Abstract) 145 (PDF)

Abstract

In Mauritian secondary schools (colleges), very limited studies exist regarding the influence of transformational leadership applied by rectors on educators’ trust in their leaders and their degree of commitment to their work. Objectives: to determine (a) (i) the levels of transformational leadership applied by rectors of secondary schools in Mauritius, (ii) the degree of trust of these educators in their rectors, (iii) the degree of educators’ commitment to their duties; (b) the relationship and influence of transformational leadership applied by schools leaders over (i) educators’ trust in their rectors, (ii) educators’ degree of commitment toward their work; (c) the existence of any relationship between educators’ trust and their commitment toward their duties. Method: Data was collected from 394 respondents across Mauritius during December 2022 using simple random sampling through an online survey. Analysis on SPSS 25 was carried out for correlations. Results: All three variables’ levels were rated as “high” and were significantly and positively correlated: (i) there was a significant positively moderate correlation between the level of transformational leadership applied in colleges and the degree of educators’ trust in their heads of schools; (ii) there was a significant positively low correlation between the level of transformational leadership applied in colleges and the degree of educators’ commitment to their work. Additionally, it was found that there was a significant positively weak correlation between the degree of educators’ trust in their heads of schools and the degree of educators’ commitment to their work.

Keywords

Transformational leadership; Teacher trust; Teacher confidence; Teacher work commitment; Teacher dedication; Secondary schools

Full Text:

PDF



References

1. Ministry of Education, Tertiary Education, Science and Technology. Education Sector Objectives. Government of Mauritius; 2022. Available from: https://education.govmu.org/Pages/About%20Us/Objectives.aspx.

2. Pranitasari D. The Influence of Effective Leadership and Organizational Trust to Teacher’s Work Motivation and Organizational Commitment. Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen 2020; 35(1): 75-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24856/mem.v35i1.1257.

3. Bektaş F, Kılınç AÇ, Gümüş S. The Effects of Distributed Leadership on Teacher Professional Learning: Mediating Roles of Teacher Trust in Principal and Teacher Motivation. Educational Studies 2022; 48(5): 602-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2020.1793301.

4. Ahad R, Mustafa M, Mohamad S, et al. Work Attitude, Organizational Commitment and Emotional Intelligence of Malaysian Vocational College Teachers. Journal of Technical Education and Training 2021; 13(1): 15-21. https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTET/article/view/7898.

5. Caldwell BJ. Re-Imagining Educational Leadership. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.; 2006. p. 214.

6. Jovanovic D, Ciric M. Benefits of Transformational Leadership in the Context of Education. In: Sandu A, Ciulei T, Frunza A (editors). The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences. El Shorouk: Future Academy; 2016. p. 496-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.09.64.

7. Leithwood K. Leadership for School Restructuring. Educational Administration Quarterly 1994; 30(4): 498-518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X94030004006.

8. Leithwood K, Jantzi D, Steinbach R. Changing Leadership for Changing Times. Buckhingham: Open University Press; 1999. p. 254.

9. Leithwood K, Jantzi D. A Review of Transformational School Leadership Research 1996–2005. Leadership and Policy in Schools 2005; 4(3): 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700760500244769.

10. Karacabey M, Bellibaş M, Adams D. Principal Leadership and Teacher Professional Learning in Turkish Schools: Examining the Mediating Effects of Collective Teacher Efficacy and Teacher Trust. Educational Studies 2020; 48(2): 253-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2020.1749835.

11. Day C, Sammons P. Successful Leadership: A Review of the International Literature. Berkshire: CfBT Education Trust; 2013. p. 1-52.

12. Sergiovanni TJ. Leadership and Excellence in Schooling: Excellent Schools Need Freedom within Boundaries. Educational Leadership 1984; 41(5): 4-13.

13. Nannyonjo H. Effective Ways for Developing School Leadership. World Bank Blogs; 2017. Available from: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/effective-ways-developing-school-leadership.

14. Yue CA, Men LR, Ferguson MA. Bridging Transformational Leadership, Transparent Communication, and Employee Openness to Change: The Mediating Role of Trust. Public Relations Review 2019; 45(3): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.04.012.

15. IGI Global. What is Educational Leadership. IGI Global; 2022. Available from: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/learning-organisation/41522.

16. Eliophotou Menon M, Ioannouz A. The Link between Transformational Leadership and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction, Commitment, Motivation to Learn, and Trust in the Leader. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal 2016; 20(3): 12-22. https://gnosis.library.ucy.ac.cy/handle/7/37924.

17. Southern Cross University. What Is Good Leadership in Schools?. eSchool News; 2019. Available from: https://www.eschoolnews.com/2019/06/25/what-is-good-leadership-in-schools/.

18. Mansor A, Abdullah R, Jamaludin K. The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Teachers’ Trust in Principals on Teachers’ Working Commitment. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 2021; 8: 302. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00985-6.

19. Burns JM. Leadership (1st edn.). Canfield C (editor). New York: Harper & Row; 1978. p. 530.

20. Bass BM. Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. Washington D.C: Free Press; 1985. p. 256.

21. Kouzes JM, Posner BZ. The Leadership Challenge: How to Make Extraordinary Things Happen in Organizations (6th edn.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.; 2017. p. 400.

22. Anderson M. Transformational Leadership in Education: A Review of Existing Literature. International Social Science Review 2017; 93(1): 1-13.

23. Siswanto IY. Linking Transformational Leadership with Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Roles of Trust and Team Cohesiveness. Journal of Management Development 2022; 41(2): 94-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2020-0293.

24. Yang Y. Principals’ Transformational Leadership in School Improvement. International Journal of Educational Management 2014; 28(3): 279-288. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2013-0063.

25. Griffith J. Relation of Principal Transformational Leadership to School Staff Job Satisfaction, Staff Turnover, and School Performance. Journal of Educational Administration 2004; 42(3): 333-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09578230410534667.

26. Khattak MN, Zolin R, Muhammad N. Linking Transformational Leadership and Continuous Improvement: The Mediating Role of Trust. Management Research Review 2020; 43(8): 931-950. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-06-2019-0268.

27. Jain P, Duggal T, Ansari AH. Examining the Mediating Effect of Trust and Psychological Well-Being on Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment. Benchmarking: An International Journal 2019; 26(5): 1517-1532. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-07-2018-0191.

28. Cai WJ, Loon M, Wong PHK. Leadership, Trust in Management and Acceptance of Change in Hong Kong’s Civil Service Bureau. Journal of Organizational Change Management 2018; 31(5): 1054-1070. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-10-2016-0215.

29. Mangundjaya WL, Adiansyah A. The Impact of Trust on Transformational Leadership and Commitment to Change. Advanced Science Letters 2018; 24(1): 493-496. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12048.

30. Goddard RD. Relational Networks, Social Trust, and Norms: A Social Capital Perspective on Students’ Chances of Academic Success. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2003; 25(1): 59-74. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737025001059.

31. Li H, Sajjad N, Wang Q, et al. Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employees’ Innovative Work Behavior in Sustainable Organizations: Test of Mediation and Moderation Processes. Sustainability 2019; 11(6): 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061594.

32. Blau PM. Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry 1964; 34(2): 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x.

33. Norwani NM, Yusof H, Mansor M, Wan Daud WMN. Development of Teacher Leadership Guiding Principles in Preparing Teachers for the Future. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2016; 6(12): 374-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v6-i12/2503.

34. Kim SG, Kim J. Integration Strategy, Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment in Korea’s Corporate Split-offs. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2014; 109: 1353-1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.637.

35. Ghamrawi N. In Principle, It Is Not Only the Principal! Teacher Leadership Architecture in Schools. International Education Studies 2013; 6(2): 148-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n2p148.

36. Fairman JC, Mackenzie SV. How Teacher Leaders Influence Others and Understand Their Leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education 2015; 18(1): 61-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2014.904002.

37. Lai TT, Luen WK, Chai LT, Ling LW. School Principal Leadership Styles and Teacher Organizational Commitment among Performing Schools. The Journal of Global Business Management 2014; 10(2): 67-75.

38. Li L, Hallinger P, Walker A. Exploring the Mediating Effects of Trust on Principal Leadership and Teacher Professional Learning in Hong Kong Primary Schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 2016; 44(1): 20-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432145585.

39. Criswell B, Rushton G, Nachtigall D, et al. Strengthening the Vision: Examining the Understanding of a Framework for Teacher Leadership Development by Experienced Science Teachers. Science Teacher Education 2018; 102(6): 1265-1287. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21472.

40. Amin MH, Jasmi KA. Sekolah Agama di Malaysia: Sejarah, Isu & Cabaran [Religious Schools in Malaysia: History, Issues and Challenges]. Johor Bahru: Penerbit UTM Press; 2012.

41. Hussain SM, Mansor AN. Amalan Kepimpinan Lestari Dan Hubungannya Dengan Komitmen Guru Kolej Islam Sultan Ahmad Shah, Klang [Sustainable Leadership Practices and Their Relationship with the Commitment of Sultan Alam Shah Islamic College Teachers, Klang]. In: International Conference on Global Education III. Bangi, Kota Padang: Universitas Ekasakti, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2015. p. 1119-1131.

42. Azizi U, Supyan H. Peranan Kerajaan Negeri dan Pusat Ke atas Sekolah Agama Rakyat: Suatu Kajian Masalah Pengurusan Bersama Terhadap Pemilikan Kuasa [The Role of State and Central Government on Religious Schools of the People: A Study of the Joint Management Problem of Power Ownership]. Jurnal Pengurusan dan Kepimpinan Pendidikan 2008; 18(2): 19-40.

43. Sulehan F. Amalan Kepimpinan Lestari Pengetua Sekolah Agama Bantuan Kerajaan (SABK) di Daerah Pontian [Sustainable Leadership Practices of Principals of Government Aided Religious Schools (SABK) in Pontian District] [Master’s Thesis]. Universiti Teknologi MARA; 2013.

44. Mustafa M, Nordin M, Razzaq A, Ibrahim B. Organizational Commitment of Vocational College Teachers in Malaysia. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 2021; 17(9): 5023-5029.

45. Andriani S, Kesumawati N, Kristiawan M. The Influence of the Transformational Leadership and Work Motivation on Teachers Performance. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research 2018; 7(7): 19-29.

46. Kılınç AÇ, Polatcan M, Savaş G, Er E. How Transformational Leadership Influences Teachers’ Commitment and Innovative Practices: Understanding the Moderating Role of Trust in Principal. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432221082803.

47. Mohamad R, Kasim AL, Zakaria S, Nasir FM. Komitmen Guru dan Kepuasan Kerja Guru di Sekolah Menengah Harian Berprestasi Tinggi dan Berprestasi Rendah di Daerah Kota Bharu, Kelantan [Teacher Commitment and Teacher Job Satisfaction in High Performing and Low Performing Day Secondary Schools in Kota Bharu District, Kelantan]. Proceeding of ICECRS 2016; 1(1): 863-874. https://doi.org/10.21070/picecrs.v1i1.603.

48. Petromode VF, Bello SO. Analysis of Teachers’ Commitment and Dimensions of Organizational Commitment in Edo State Public Secondary Schools. Journal of Education and Social Research 2018; 8(3): 87-92. https://doi.org/10.2478/jesr-201.

49. Ismail S. Effects of Ethical Climate on Organizational Commitment, Professional Commitment, and Job Satisfaction of Auditor in Malaysia. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 2015; 17(2): 139-155. https://doi.org/10.22146/GAMAIJB.6907.

50. Yahaya R, Ebrahim F. Leadership Styles and Organizational Commitment: Literature Review. Journal of Management Development 2016; 35(2): 190-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2015-0004.

51. Abdullah T. Amalan Kepimpinan Transfrormasional Pengetua dan Kepuasan Kerja Guru di SABK Negeri Perak [Principal’s Transformational Leadership Practices and Teacher’s Job Satisfaction in Perak State SABK] [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. National University of Malaysia; 2016.

52. Mohamad Kasim M, Ismail S, Mohammad S, Ibrahim H. School Climate and Teachers’ Commitments in Kelantan State Religious School of Religious Aid (Sabk). Proceedings of The ICECRS 2016; 1(1): 699-708. https://doi.org/10.21070/picecrs.v1i1.543.

53. Study Lecture Notes. Deductive Method of Economic Analysis, Steps, Advantages & Disadvantages. Study Lecture Notes; 2013. Available: http://www.studylecturenotes.com/microeconomics/deductive-method-of-economic-analysis-steps-advantages-disadvantages.

54. Gill J, Johnson P. Research Methods for Managers (4th edn.). Ventura: SAGE Publications Ltd.; 2010. p. 288.

55. Glasow PA. Fundamentals of Survey Research Methodology. Fairfax: MITRE; 2005.

56. Chua YP. Mastering Research Methods (3rd edn.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2020. p. 600.

57. Kristoffersen KE, Simonsen HG, Bleses D, et al. The Use of the Internet in Collecting CDI Data—An Example from Norway. Journal of Child Language 2013; 40(3): 567-585. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000912000153.

58. Akintunde TY, Musa TH, Musa HH, et al. Bibliometric Analysis of Global Scientific Literature on Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2021; 63: 102753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102753.

59. Beiske B. Research Methods. Uses and Limitations of Questionnaires, Interviews, and Case Studies. Munich: GRIN Verlag GmbH; 2007. p. 24.

60. Aviolo BJ, Bass BM. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Manual and Sampler Set (3rd edn.). Redwood City, CA: Mindgarden; 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1602_2.

61. Slocum JW, Hellriegel D. Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior. New Delhi: Cengage India; 2007.

62. Blais AR, Thompson M. The Trust in Teams and Trust in Leaders Scale: A Review of Their Psychometric Properties and Item Selection. Toronto: Defence Research and Development Canada; 2009.

63. Mujir SJM. Impak Kepimpinan Multidimensi, Pemikiran Strategik, Dan Keberkesanan Kepimpinan Ketua Jabatan Politeknik Malaysia Kepada Komitmen Kerja Pensyarah [Impact of Multidimensional Leadership, Strategic Thinking and the Effectiveness of the Leadership of the Malaysian Polytechnic Department Head to the Lecturers’ Work Commitment] [PhD thesis]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2011. http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/ukmvital-74318.

64. Ami NASNZ, Johari FM, Rahman NA, et al. Efikasi Pengajaran Vokasional dalam Penerapan Kemahiran Berfikir Abad Ke-21 [The Effectiveness of Vocational Teaching in the Application of 21st Century Thinking Skills]. Jabatan Hospitaliti, IPG Kampus Pendidikan Teknik; 2016.

65. Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1978. p. 701.

66. Statistics Mauritius. Education Statistics—2021. Statistics Mauritius; 2022. Available from: https://statsmauritius.govmu.org/Documents/Statistics/ESI/2022/EI1648/Edu_Yr21_290422.pdf.

67. Acharya AS, Prakash A, Saxena P, Nigam A. Sampling: Why and How of It? Indian Journal of Medical Specialities 2013; 4(2): 330-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.7713/ijms.2013.0032.

68. Qualtrics. Sample Size Calculator. Qualtrics; 2022. Available from: https://www.qualtrics.com/blog/calculating-sample-size/.

69. CUEMATH. Sample Size Formula. CUEMATH; 2022. Available from: https://www.cuemath.com/sample-size-formula/.

70. Srivastav AK. Sample Size Formula. WallStreetMojo; 2022. Available from: https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/sample-size-formula/.

71. Byrne BM. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (2nd edn.). New York: Routledge; 2013. p. 416. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203805534.

72. Osborne JW. Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis. Scotts Valley: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; 2014. p. 150.

73. McMillan JH, Schumacher S. Research in Education: A Conceptual Introduction (5th edn.). New York: Longman; 2001. p. 660.

74. Pimentel JL. Some Biases in Likert Scaling Usage and Its Correction. Journal of Science: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) 2019; 43(1): 183-191.

75. George D, Mallery P. SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 11.0 Update (4th edn.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2003. p. 386.

76. Hamzah MIM, Juraime F, Mansor AN. Malaysian Principals’ Technology Leadership Practices and Curriculum Management. Creative Education 2016; 7(7): 922-930. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2016.77096.

77. Rini W. Character and Competence of a Leader in the Digital Age. Journal of Positive School Psychology 2022; 6(5): 1192-1199.

78. Abdullah JB, Kassim JB. Amalan Kepimpinan Instruksional Dalam Kalangan Pengetua Sekolah Menengah di Negeri Pahang: Satu Kajian Kualitatif [Instructional Leadership Practices Among Secondary School Principals in Pahang State: A Qualitative Study] [PhD thesis]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2013. http://eprints.iab.edu.my/v2/427/.

79. Shali K. Amalan Kepimpinan Transformasi Guru Besar dan Kualiti Pengurusan Sekolah Rendah di Perlis [Transformational Leadership Practices of Head Teachers and the Quality of Primary School Management in Perlis] [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Bangi, Selangor: National University of Malaysia; 2016.

80. Tschannen-Moran M. Trust Matters: Leadership for Successful Schools (2nd edn.). San Francisco: ‎Jossey-Bass; 2016. p. 336.

81. Geist JR, Hoy WK. Cultivating a Culture of Trust: Enabling School Structure, Teacher Professionalism, and Academic Press. Leading and Managing 2004; 10(1): 1-17. https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/aeipt.139800.

82. Koon T. Faktor Dalaman Sekolah Dan Komitmen Guru Terhadap Organisasi: Pengaruh Pengantara Kualiti Kehidupan Kerja Guru Di SBT Dan SBBT [School Internal Factors and Teachers’ Commitment to the Organization: The Mediating Influence of Teachers’ Work Life Quality in SBT and SBBT] [PhD thesis]. Jalan Sasaran: Universiti Sains Malaysia; 2018. p. 43.

83. Allen NJ, Meyer JP. The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology 1990; 63(1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x.

84. Zeinabadi H, Rastegarpour H. Factors Affecting Teacher Trust in Principal: Testing the Effect of Transformational Leadership and Procedural Justice. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2010; 5: 1004-1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.226.

85. Bass BM, Aviolo BJ (editors). Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership (1st edn.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.; 1994. p. 248.

86. Al Yusfi A. Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior Guru SMP Negeri di Jakarta Selatan [The Effect of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment on the Organizational Citizenship Behavior of National High School Teachers

87. in South Jakarta]. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan 2016; 7(1): 1225-1233. https://doi.org/10.21009/jmp.07104.

88. Martins DM, de Fabria AC, Prearo LC, Arruda AGS. The Level of Influence of Trust, Commitment, Cooperation, and Power in the Interorganizational Relationships of Brazilian Credit Cooperatives. Revista de Administração 2017; 52(1): 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rausp.2016.09.003.

89. Ndubisi NO. Conflict Handling, Trust and Commitment in Outsourcing Relationship: A Chinese and Indian Study. Industrial Marketing Management 2011; 40(1): 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2010.09.015.

90. Utami AF, Bangun YR, Lantu DC. Understanding the Role of Emotional Intelligence and Trust to the Relationship between Organizational Politics and Organizational Commitment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2014; 115: 378-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.444.

91. Mishra AK. Organizational Responses to Crisis: The Centrality of Trust. In: Kramer RM, Tyler T (editors). Trust in Organizations. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.; 1996. p. 261-287.

92. Razak NA, Gusti Ngurah Darmawan I, Keeves JP. The Influence of Culture on Teacher Commitment. Social Psychology of Education 2010; 13: 185-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-009-9109-z.

93. Ni Y. Teacher Working Conditions, Teacher Commitment, and Charter Schools. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 2017; 119(6): 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811711900606.

94. Firestone WA, Pennell JR. Teacher Commitment, Working Conditions, and Differential Incentive Policies. Review of Educational Research 1993; 63(4): 489-525. https://doi.org/10.2307/1170498.

95. Umar A, Jamsari EA, Wan Hassan WZ, et al. Appointment as Principal of Government-Aided Religious School (SABK) in Malaysia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2012; 6(10): 417-423.

96. Singh S, Sagar R. A Critical Look at Online Survey or Questionnaire-Based Research Studies during COVID-19. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2021; 65: 102850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102850.

97. Artacho EG, Martínez TS, Martín JLO, et al. Teacher Training in Lifelong Learning—The Importance of Digital Competence in the Encouragement of Teaching Innovation. Sustainability 2020; 12(7): 2852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072852.

98. Bashir B, Gani A. Testing the Effects of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment. Journal of Management Development 2020; 39(4): 525-542. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-07-2018-0210.


DOI: https://doi.org/10.18063/esp.v7.i2.1586
(215 Abstract Views, 145 PDF Downloads)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Codaboccus Mohammud Khalil Ibrahim

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.