A comparative analysis of six national cultures under the umbrella of the Hofstede’s model
Vol 9, Issue 3, 2024, Article identifier:
VIEWS - 185 (Abstract) 101 (PDF)
Abstract
The present study represents a comparative analysis between the national cultures of six countries: Tunisia, Germany, China, Mexico, Pakistan and the USA. The overall results of this analytical research indicated that in the light of the Hofstede’s model foundations, Tunisia, Pakistan and Mexico resemble each other to a great extent. Indeed, even if they are geographically far from each other and residing in three different continents, their corresponding national cultures based on religious values, social organization, and language seem similar. Conversely, Germany, China and the US share similar cultural features, even if China is known by its collectivism. Such findings offer cross cultural opportunities and challenges for business leaders and entrepreneurs who are willing to do business in these countries.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Adamczyk M. The importance of cultural differences in international business. Central European Review of Economics and Management, 2017, 1(2): 151-170. doi: 10.29015/cerem.336
2. Ahmad S, Owoyemi MY. The Concept of Islamic Work Ethic: An Analysis of Some Salient Points in the Prophetic Tradition. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2012, 3(20).
3. Aitchison, J. (1997) The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Ali A, Al-Shakis M. Managerial value systems for working in Saudi Arabia: An empirical investigation. Group and Organization Studies, 1985, 10(2): 135-152.
5. Althen G, Doran AR, Szmania SJ. American Ways: A Guide for Foreigners in the United States, 2nd ed. Intercultural Press; 2003.
6. Alvesson M. Understanding Organizational Culture. Sage Publications; 2002.
7. Anderson C. Presenting and Evaluating Qualitative Research. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2010, 74(8): 141. doi: 10.5688/aj7408141
8. Anjum M, Zia SM, Shamsi AF, Aziz A. The Impact of Culture on the Perception of Employees and Organizational Productivity in Pharmaceutical Industries in Karachi. Global Management Journal for Academic & Corporate Studies, 2013, 03(01).
9. Anwar SA, Chaker MN. Globalization of corporate America and its implications for management styles in an Arabian cultural context. International Journal of Management, 2003, 20 (1): 43-56.
10. Au KY. Intra-cultural Variation: Evidence and Implications for International Business. Journal of International Business Studies. 1999, 30(4): 799-812. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490840
11. Balambo MA. Hofstede’s model revisited: an application for measuring the Moroccan national culture, International Journal of Business Quantitative Economics and Applied Management Research, 2014, 1(3): 7-20.
12. Balan S, Vreja LO. The Trompenaars’ seven-dimension cultural model and cultural orientations of Romanian students in management. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Management Conference New Management for the New Economy. 7–8 November 2013; Bucharest, Romania.
13. Baloch QB, Ali N, Ahsan A, Mufty A. Relationship between HR practices and perceived employees performance of bankers in NWFP, Pakistan: empirical evidence. European Journal of Social Sciences, 2010, 10(2): 210-214.
14. Banks R. The Protestant Work Ethic. Faith in Business Quarterly, 1998, 2(2): 5-7.
15. Bardin L. The content analysis (French). Paris, Presses Universitaires de France; 1998.
16. Ben Mohamed E, Makhlouf L, Ben Fatma E, Omrane A. Women entrepreneurs in Tunisia. In: Women entrepreneurs in North Africa. Historical frameworks, ecosystems, and new perspectives in the region; 2023.
17. Bjorn B. Business leadership and culture: National management styles in the global economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar; 1999.
18. Bless C, Higson-Smith C. Fundamentals of social research: An African perspective, 3rd ed. Cape Town: Juta; 2000.
19. Brache AP. How organizations work. John Wiley & Sons; 2002.
20. Brown JD. The Human Nature of Organizations. New York: USA. Amacom; 1973.
21. Brozik D. The second dimensions for successful management. Manage, 1994, 45(4): 4-8.
22. Budhwar P. HRM in India. In: Budhwar P, Ya D (editors). HRM in Developing Countries; 2001. pp. 75-90.
23. Chhokar JS, Brodbeck FC, House RJ. Culture and Leadership across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-depth Studies of 25 Societies. Lawrence Erlbaum Association; 2007.
24. Cook G. The Influence of National Culture on American Business people—managerial Implications for Central Europe. Central European Business Review Research Papers, 2012, 1(2).
25. Culpan R, Kucukemiroglu O. A Comparison of U.S. and Japanese Management Styles and Unit Effectiveness. Management International Review, 1993, 33(1): 27-42.
26. Dainton M, Zelley ED. Applying Communication Theory for Professional Life: A Practical Introduction. Los Angeles: SAGE Publishing; 2011.
27. Davis AS, Nayebpour MR. Obreros (Workers) Against Gerentes (Managers): Changing Values in the Mexican Workplace. Latin American Business Review, 2004, 5(1): 71-93.
28. DeForest M. Thinking of a Plant in Mexico. Academy of Management Executive, 1994, 8 (1): 33-40.
29. Deresky H. International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures. Addison-Wesley, 2nd ed. 1998.
30. Dodd HC. Dynamics of Intercultural Communication. Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill; 1998.
31. Doran CJ, Littrell RF. Measuring Mainstream US Cultural Values. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht; 2012.
32. El Akremi A, Ikram Nasr M, Sassi N. Impact of national culture on interpersonal confidence at work place: A comparative analysis between France and Tunisia. Publisher; 2007.
33. Erez M, Earley PC. Culture, Self-identity, and Work. Oxford University Press; 1993.
34. Erez M. Make Management Practice fit the National Culture. In: Locke, E.A. (Ed.), pp. 418-434, Basic Principles of Organizational Behavior: A Handbook. Blackwell; 2000.
35. Farmer RT. Corporate Culture Defines a Company and its Future. American Journal of Business, 2005, 20(2): 7-3.
36. Franke RH, Hofstede G, Bond MH. Cultural roots of economic performance: A research note. Strategic Management Journal, 1991, 12: 165-173.
37. Furnham A. Language and personality. In: Giles H, Robinson W (editors). Handbook of Language and Social Psychology. Wi-ley, Chichester; 1990. pp. 73-95.
38. Gallan M. The Business of Culture: How Culture Affects Management Around the World. Available online: http://www.halogensoftware.com/blog/the-business-of-culture-how-culture-affects-management-around-the-world (accessed on 2 June 2023).
39. Gannon MJ, Associates. Understanding global cultures: Metaphorical journeys through 17 countries. Sage Publication; 1994.
40. Georgas J. Family: Variations and changes across cultures. In: Lonner WJ, Dinnel DL, Hayes SA, et al. (editors). Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 13, Chapter 3). Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA; 2003.
41. Ghaemawat P, Reiche S. Globalization Note Series, National Cultural Differences and Multinational Business, Globalization Note Series; 2011.
42. Ghosn C, Ries P. Shift: Inside Nissan’s Historic Revival. Doubleday; 2005.
43. Gibson CB, Zellmer-Bruhn ME. Metaphors and meaning: An intercultural analysis of the concept of teamwork. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2001, 46(2): 274-303.
44. Gomez EJ. Mexican Corporate Culture: Modernization in Managerial Methods. Business Mexico; 1993.
45. Goodale J. Effects of Personal Background and Training on Work Values of the hard-core unemployed. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1973, 57: 1-9.
46. Greer SK, Stephens C. Employee issues for companies in Mexico. California Management Review, 1996, 38(3): 121-145.
47. Hall ET. Beyond Culture. Garden City. Anchor Books; 1976.
48. Hassan MK. Concerted education and development (Indonesian). Nurin Enterprise; 1988.
49. Heller FA, Yukl G. Participation, managerial decision-making and situational variables. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance; 1969. pp. 227-241.
50. Hernandez H. Multicultural Education: A teacher’s guide content and process. Merrill Editions; 2001.
51. Hickson D, Pugh D. Management Worldwide. Penguin; 2002.
52. Hlady-Rispal M, Jouison-Laffitte E. Qualitative Research Methods and Epistemological Frameworks: A Review of Publication Trends in Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 2014, 52: 594-614.
53. Hofstede G, Bond MH. The Confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic Growth. Organizational Dynamics, 1988, 16(4): 4-21.
54. Hofstede G, Hofstede G, Minkov M. Value Survey Module 2008 (VSM 08). Available online: http://www.greethofstede.nl (accessed on 2 June 2023).
55. Hofstede G, Hofstede GJ, Minkov M. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill USA; 2010.
56. Hofstede G. 6D model of cultural dimensions, China, 2016. Retrieved from: https:/geert-hofstede.com/china.html.
57. Hofstede G. Asian management in the 21st century. Asia Pacific J Manage, 2007, 24: 411–420.
58. Hofstede G. Cultural constraints in management theories. The Executive, 1993, 7(1): 81-95.
59. Hofstede G. Culture’s Consequences. Sage Publication; 1980.
60. Hofstede G. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing, Values, Behaviours, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations. Sage Publication; 2001.
61. Hofstede G. Cultures and Organizations. McGraw-Hill; 1991.
62. Hofstede G. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind-Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival. McGraw-Hill; 1997.
63. Hofstede G. The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 1983, 14(2):75-89.
64. Hofstede Insights. (2019). National Culture. Available online: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/models/national-culture (accessed on 2 June 2023).
65. Hooker J. Cultural Differences in Business Communication. Tepper School of Business. Carnegie Mellon University; 2008.
66. House RJ, Hanges P, Javidan M, Dorfmann P, Gupta V. Culture, Leadership and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Nations. Thousand Oaks, Sage; 2004.
67. Jamal A. Can We Learn Something from the Perceptions and Consumption Practices of Transnational South Asian Communities Living in the West? Paper presented at the Inaugural Conference of Asia Academic of Management; 1998.
68. Jimeneza MB, Fascib MA, Valdezc J. A Comparison of Management Style for Mexican Firms in Mexico and the United States. International Journal of Business, 2009, 14(3).
69. Johnson G, Scholes K. Exploring Corporate Strategy, 8th ed. Financial Times/Prentice Hall; 2007.
70. Kanungo R, Mendonca M. Culture and Performance Improvement. Productivity, 1994, 35(4): 447-453.
71. Katz L. Negotiating International Business - The Negotiator’s Reference Guide to 50 Countries Around the World. Book Surge Publishing; 2006.
72. Khan MA, Panarina E. The role of national cultures in shaping the corporate management cultures: A four countries theoretical analysis. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 2017, 4(1): pp. 1-25.
73. Khilji SE. Human Resource Management in Pakistan. In: Budhwar P, Yaw D (editors). Human Resource Management in Developing Countries; 2001.
74. Khilji SE. To Adapt or Not to Adapt: Exploring the Role of National Culture in HRM—A Study of Pakistan. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2003, 3(1): 109.
75. Khilji SE. Wither Tradition? Evidence of Generational Differences in HR Satisfaction from Pakistan. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2004, 4(2):141.
76. Kluckhohn FR, Strodtbeck FL. Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson; 1961.
77. Kras E. Management in Two Cultures: Bridging the Gap Between U.S. and Mexican Managers. Intercultural Press; 1989.
78. Kras E. Management in Two Cultures: Bridging the Gap between U.S. and Mexican Managers. Intercultural Press: Maine; 1989.
79. Kras E. Modernizing Mexican Management Styles: With Insights for US companies working in Mexico. Editts Publishing; 1994.
80. Kroeber A, Kluckhohn C. Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Random House; 1985.
81. Laurent A. The cultural diversity of Western conceptions of management. International studies of management and organization, 1983, 13: 75-96.
82. Leedy P. Practical research: Planning and design. 4th ed. Macmillan; 1989.
83. Lewis RD. When Cultures Collide: Managing Successfully Across Cultures. Nicholas Brealey Publishing Limited; 1996.
84. Li J, Lam J, Qian G. Does Culture Affect Behavior and Performance of Firm? The case of Joint Venture in China. Journal of International Business Studies, 2001, 32(1): 115-31.
85. Lyon P. Epilogue. In: James P (editor). Pakistan Chronicle.
86. Macan TH. Time Management Test of a Process Model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1994, 79(3): 381-391.
87. Majidi M, Ashurbekov RK, Altaliyeva A, Kowalski S. Western and Central Eurasian Cultural Differences: Germany, Kazakhstan, United States of Amercia, and Uzbekistan. Organizational Cultures: An international Journal, 2015, 14(3–4): 1-20.
88. Marchese M. Matching Management Practices to National Culture in India, Mexico, Poland, and the U.S. The Academy of Management Executive, 2001, 15(2):130-132.
89. McFarlin DB, Sweeny PD. International Management: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities. South-Western College Publishing Company; 1998.
90. McGregor D. The human side of enterprise. McGraw-Hill; 1960.
91. McKenna S. Organizational Commitment in the Small Entrepreneurial Business in Singapore. Cross Cultural Management, 2005, 12(2): 16.
92. Mead R. International management, 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishers; 1998.
93. Moran RT, Harris PR, Moran SV. Managing Cultural Differences, Eighth Edition: Global Leadership Strategies for Cross-Cultural Business Success. Butterworth-Heineman; 2010.
94. Morris T, Pavett CM. Management Style and Productivity in Two Cultures. Journal of International Business Studies, 1992, 1: 169-179.
95. Morrison T. Kiss, Bow, or Shake Hands: The Bestselling Guide to Doing Business in More Than 60 Countries. Adams Media; 2006.
96. Newman KL, Nollen SD. Culture and Congruence: The Fit Between Management Practices and National Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 1996, 27: 753-779.
97. Nicholas CE, Lane HW, Brecha MB. Taking Self-managed Teams to Mexico. The Academy of Management Executive, 1999, 13(3): 15.
98. Nicolaidis CS. Cultural Determinants of Corporate Excellence in an Integrated World Economy: The Impact of National Cultures on Organisational Performance, Reading; 1991.
99. Noll CL. Mexican Macquiladom Workers: An Attitude Toward Working. Journal of Business and Economics, 1992, 9(1): 1–7.
100. Nord WE. Concepts and Controversy in Organizational Behaviour. California Pacific Palisades; 1976.
101. Omrane A, Aziz S. The main drivers of investment decision in the Malaysian stock exchange market: A PLS-SEM Based Approach, International Journal of Business Information Systems, 2023. doi: 10.1504/IJBIS.2022.1005256
102. Omrane A. Which are the appropriate skills needed for the entrepreneurial success of startups in the era of digitalization? Developing entrepreneurial competencies for start-ups and small business. IGI Global Publishers; 2020.
103. Ouchi WG, Jaeger AM. Social Structure and Organization. In: Environments and Organizations. In: Marshall WM (editor). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1978.
104. Ouchi WG. Theory Z: How can American business meet the Japanese challenge. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1981.
105. Parsons T, Schwartz SH. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In: Zanna M (editor). Advances in experimental social psychology. Academic Press; 1992. pp. 1-65.
106. Parsons T, Shils EA. Toward A General Theory of Action. New York: Harper and Row; 1962.
107. Pheng LS, Yuquan S. An exploratory study of Hofstede’s cross-cultural dimensions in construction projects. Management Decision, 2002, 40(1): 7-16.
108. Pothukuchi V, Damanpour F, Choi J, et al. National and organizational culture differences and international joint venture performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 2002, 33(2): 243-265.
109. Prodip KN. Management Styles, Tata Mc Graw - Hill Publishing Co. Ltd, New Delhi; 1995.
110. PSU. Olead course, lesson 10, Asia focus on China, India. Available online: https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1802572/modules/items/21179122 (accessed on 2 June 2023).
111. Qamar A, Muneer S, Jusoh A, Idris H. The relationship between organizational conduct and national culture. Journal of Economics and Behavior Studies, 2013, 5(2): 82-88.
112. Qureshi ZI. Management in South Asia. In: Saunders DMI, RN (editors). New Approaches to Employee Management. JAI Press, Greenwich; 1995.
113. Rajagopal RA. Trust and Cross-Cultural Dissimilarities in Corporate Environment. Team Performance Management, 2006, 12(7): 237-252.
114. Rehman J. Analysing the Issue of Cultural and Religious Relativism: With Particular Reference to Muslim Women Rights in South Asia. Study Visit Report to European Commission EURASIA-NET Project; 2010.
115. Rijamampianina R. Effective Management in Multicultural Organisations: Creating a Learning-based Order With a Sharing Principle. Economic Journal of Hokkaido University, 1996, 25: 119-167.
116. Schein EH. Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA; 1985.
117. Schleh EC. A matter of management style. Management Review, 1977, 66(8): 8-14.
118. Schwartz SH. A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1999, 48(1): 23-47.
119. Shaw J. Cultural Variations in Management Practice: An Exploration of the Management. Public Administration & Development, ABI-INFORM Global; 1998.
120. Shimoni B, Bergmann H. Managing in a Changing World: From Multiculturalism to Hybridization—The Production of Hybrid Management Cultures in Israel, Thailand, and Mexico. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 2006, 20(3): 76-89.
121. Slocum GK, Williges BH, Roscoe SN. Meaningful shape coding for aircraft switch knobs. Aviation Research Monographs, 1971, 1(3): 27-40.
122. Spence J. The Search for Modern China, 2nd ed. W.W.Norton & Company Publishers; 1999.
123. Steers RM, Sanchez-Runde CJ, Nardon L. Management Across Cultures: Challenges and Strategies. Cambridge University Press; 2010.
124. Stephens GK, Greer CR. Doing Business in Mexico: Understanding Cultural Differences. Organizational Dynamics, 1995, 24(1): 39–55.
125. Syed MA. Islam and Democracy in Pakistan, Islamabad. National Institute of historical and Cultural Research; 1995.
126. Tayeb M. Organizations and National Culture: Methodology Reconsidered. Organization Studies, 1994, 15(3): 429-46.
127. Tayeb M. The Competitive Advantage of Nations: The Role of HRM and its Socio-cultural Context. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1995, 6: 588-666.
128. Taylor J, Mackenzie RA. Time is money, so use it productively. ABSA Banking Journal, 1986, 78: 130-133.
129. Teegen HJ, Doh JP. US-Mexican Alliance Negotiations: Impact of Culture on Authority, Trust, Performance. Thunderbird International Business Review, 2002, 44(6): 749.
130. Titiev M. Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Henry Holt and Co; 1958.
131. Trompenaars F, Hampden-Turner C. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understan Cultural Diversity in Business, Second Edition, London & Santa Rosa, Nicholas Brealey Publishing Limit; 1997.
132. Trompenaars F, Turner CH. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business. Second Edition. McGraw-Hill; 1998.
133. Tylor E. Origins of Culture. Harper and Row; 1871.
134. UNESCO. UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity. Available online: http://www.unesco.org/education/imld_2002/unversal_decla.shtml (accessed on 2 June 2023).
135. Venter PF. A Multicultural Approach of consumer time perception. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 2004, 12(2): 24-33.
136. Waseem M. Politics and State in Pakistan. National Institute of historical and Cultural Research; 1994.
137. Weber M. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Rutledge; 2004.
138. Weber Y, Shenkar O, Raveh A. National and Corporate Culture Fit in Mergers/Acquisitions: An Exploratory Study. Management Science, 1996, 42: 1215-1227.
139. Willmott R. The Place of Culture in Organization Theory: Introducing the Morphogenetic Approach. Organization, 2000, 7 (1): 95-128.
140. Yahaiaoui D, Zoubir YH. Human Resource Management in Tunisia. In: Pawan S, Budhwar S, Mellahi K (editor). Managing human resources in the Middle East. Routledge Taylor & Francis Editions; 2006. pp. 233-249.
141. Yahiaoui D. Cultural analysis of hybrid mechanisms of HRM practices from occidental parent company to Tunisian subsidiaries. IAE Collective Tutorials, Paris, France; 2004.
142. Yousfi H. When American Management System meets Tunisian culture: The Poulina case. In: Henriett Primecz H, Romani L, Sackmann S (editors). Cross-Cultural Management in Practice: Culture and Negotiating meanings. Edward Elgar Editions; 2011. pp. 64-77.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v9i3.1618
(185 Abstract Views, 101 PDF Downloads)
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amina Omrane, Mohammad Ayub Khan
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/